What Do Women Want? #2 - Natural Selection

Natural selection drives jealousy.

Marital infidelity has been in the news quite a bit lately.  As women wondered why Hillary stuck around when it was found that her husband Bill had been on the prowl, women wonder why Mrs. Spitzer stuck with her husband after he'd been found to have been playing around.  The reasons a particular woman sticks with her husband are varied and complex, but much of what men and women do is grounded in our basic wants and needs.

The introduction to this series discussed the weakening of many laws and customs which encouraged men to help women raise children and the first article in the series introduced the idea of natural selection affecting the ways in which men and women interact.  Although it's hard to imagine how things were before the industrial revolution, the key point is that women aren't strong enough to farm and they can't hunt because crying babies scare away the game.

In a muscle-powered farming or hunting society, the only way a woman can avoid starving is to find some man who'll feed her.  Women who starved had fewer children than women who didn't starve, so natural selection favored women who could persuade men to feed them and favored men who were willing to feed women.

Now that our society is wealthy enough that women can support themselves, they no longer have to hang around with men unless they want to.  It appears that women like Hillary and Mrs. Spitzer would rather stick with their men than leave, but they certainly aren't very happy with how their relationships with men have worked out.

It's surprising to realize how much has changed in our society.  The common American view of divorce as no big deal is nearly universal in newspapers and on TV.  It's hard to believe that as recently as the 1960's, employers often fired divorced men, saying, "If you can't keep your promises to your wife, you can't keep your promises to the company."  As Jack Benny put it, "My wife Mary and I have been married for forty-seven years and not once have we had an argument serious enough to consider divorce.  Murder, yes, but divorce, never."

Modern men and women don't seem to think much about how their wants and needs have been shaped over time.  Women have rather unrealistic ideas about men, and vice versa.  Basing relationships on how you wish the other party thinks won't work as well as basing what you do on how the other party really thinks.  The goal of discussing natural selection is to help men and women understand their underlying drives so that they can relate successfully to each other.

Natural Selection In Action

Natural selection doesn't distinguish between right or wrong.  It doesn't care whether you're happy or miserable.  Natural selection only cares how many children you have and whether they have children of their own. If you have lots of children who have children, your genes are passed on which makes you a "reproductive success."  If you don't have children who survive, you're out of the game.

Let's look at some of the tendencies that natural selection favored in men and in women back when our ancestors lived on what they could find or farm.

Being big and strong makes it possible for a man to feed a woman well by either hunting or farming and makes it more worthwhile for a woman to have his child.  A pregnant woman walks the valley of the shadow of death; having babies in a non-medical society is dangerous.

Having the child of a weak, sickly man risks her life just as much as having the child of a strong man, but the child of the strong man is more likely to live.  Thus, a woman gains an advantage if she can attract a strong, healthy man to get her pregnant.  It's even better if he's willing to hang around and feed her.

Women have been attracted to strong, healthy, athletic men for millennia.  Assuming he sticks around, a strong man is more likely to live the 20 years it takes for a woman to get her children old enough to survive by themselves.  Women like long-term relationships - a one-night stand can leave her holding the baby.

As societies develop from being nomadic to settling down in an agricultural setting, women are attracted to men who own land.  Women know very well that land ownership suggests the ability to protect and feed a woman and her children.  Land ownership has been the basis of wealth ever since people started farming, and most wars are fought over land.

What about intellect?  In a primitive society, intelligence is of little use.  Even a genius can't invent a labor-saving machine if he has to spend all day every day shoving a plow to get the next meal.

Intellect is useful only as the society progresses enough that there can be a land-owning "leisure class" who have time to think about something beyond tomorrow's meal.  Being as smart in warfare as Genghis Khan was can help with reproductive success.  National Geographic suggests that he has 16 million living descendants - but in general, intellect doesn't help reproductive success enough to affect natural selection.

The Geographic describes Mr. Khan's technique:

Documents written during or just after Khan's reign say that after a conquest, looting, pillaging, and rape were the spoils of war for all soldiers, but that Khan got first pick of the beautiful women.

The Khan's strategy was a bit more subtle than that.  His agents selected pretty women for him, but they favored women whose husbands had survived the battle.  The Khan wasn't going to hang around and help raise his children, of course; focusing on women who already had men taking care of them enhanced his reproductive success.

Basic Natural Selection

Natural selection clearly favors women who can attract a man strongly enough to get him to help feed her children.  The younger she is when she first attracts a man, the more babies she'll be able to have.

Natural selection favors men who are willing to take care of women but men can also achieve reproductive success by wandering around.  Women figure this out pretty quickly and institute all kinds of customs and peer pressure to try to persuade men to stick around instead of wandering.

Natural selection favors women who like to share information about raising their children.  And it selects men who don't talk much because talking scares away the animals while hunting.

Assuming that a woman has a long-term relationship with a man who's feeding her, her chance of reproductive success is as good as it's going to get, but what about passing on his genes?  Helping her raise children helps him only if her children are his.  Men who weren't jealous or who didn't watch their women carefully raised other men's children instead of their own and were bred out of the gene pool.

Natural selection favors women who can persuade men to feed them, and it favors men who are extremely possessive of the women they feed.

Variations on a theme

That's basic natural selection, but there are variations.  A woman benefits from nourishing and maintaining a long-term relationship with her meal ticket.  Assuming she can get away with it, however, natural selection favors having children by other men.

Suppose she's not particularly attractive and ends up with a man who's not particularly strong.  She's better off if she can get pregnant by someone stronger than her husband.  Her husband's reproductive success improves if he's jealous, possessive, and keeps other men away from her.  In many primitive societies, it's OK for a man to kill his wife and her lover if he catches them in the act.

Jealousy makes a man want to possess his woman.  It also forces him to stick around to keep an eye on her so that other men can't get to her.

It's to her advantage if he can't tell when she's fertile while he's guarding her.  Human females are fertile for only a few hours per month, maybe a day at most.  If her husband knows when she's fertile, he can watch her then and spend the rest of the month chasing other women.

Her reproductive success improves if he sticks around to feed her every day, however, so she's better off if he can't tell when she's fertile.  Having sex with him when she's not fertile wastes his reproductive potential, of course, and it probably bores her because she's not really interested, but having sex often benefits her by giving him a reason to stick around and help her instead of chasing someone else.

Natural selection 101 is for a woman to find a man to take care of her and for a man to take care of a woman but for her to get pregnant by someone stronger and for him get other women pregnant while keeping other men away from her.  He'll have to be jealous and possessive or he'll raise other men's children and be out of the gene pool, she'll be jealous because she doesn't want him limiting her reproductive success by giving other women food her children could eat.

Natural selection emphasizes possessiveness in both women and in men and it favors extracurricular activities in both women and in men. How gender-neutral can you get?

There is one major difference - men who talk while hunting won't catch anything so men learn not to talk. They learn to hunt by watching older hunters and to farm by watching others farm.  Farming involves a great many back-breaking tasks such as plowing, weeding, and harvesting which leave men too short of breath to talk much.

Women who talk while raising children have more reproductive success because sharing information helps keep their babies alive.  Natural selection favors women who yearn to talk and men who'd rather not talk.  This causes problems for women because they tend to measure the strength of the relationship by the amount and quality of the talk just as men tend to measure the relationship by the amount and quality of the sex.

What Hath Selection Wrought?

That's pretty much how natural selection has shaped men and women over the years.  Women gain by getting men to feed them, men gain by feeding as many women as they can but they also gain by going after women who're fed by other men.  This selects for jealousy in both men and in women but more strongly in men.

A woman whose husband feeds other women doesn't lose out in the game of reproduction so long as there's enough food for her and for her children, whereas a man whose wife gets pregnant by another man loses her reproductive potential for the year or two it takes for her to have the baby and nurse it long enough that she can become fertile again.  That's one reason some men are violent to their girlfriend's children - helping her take care of another man's child benefits him not at all.

The next article in the series talks about how marriages worked in low-tech, muscle-powered, agricultural societies.

Lee Tydings is a guest writer for Scragged.com.  Read other Scragged.com articles by Lee Tydings or other articles on Society.
Reader Comments
it nice to have understanding in the field of women because a lot them will always belive that what happen in the time past will aso be repeating inself in this dispensation that we are in expecialy women also fell relack, not thinking of working in other to be suport in the family not as early age will there can work, geting themseft attached to men.
March 21, 2008 5:55 AM
The writers, owners and operators of this site are despicable male chauvinists. Read back over their material and you'll see what I mean. If one had the clouds for paper and the oceans for ink, one could not list all the reasons these people are wrong.
March 25, 2008 6:30 PM
As luck would have it, thanks to Al Gore's invention, you don't NEED paper or ink to respond with reasons.

...Yet you don't. Hmm.
March 25, 2008 6:33 PM
Tilly makes an extremely important point - from the point of view of many women, men ARE INDEED "despicable male chauvinists" and have been for quite some time.

At the time of his death in 1916, jack London was one of the best-known American writers. his father deserted his mother so he knew first-hand some of the down-side for a woman of interacting wtih a man. he wrote:

"Marriage means less to man than to woman? Yes, by all means, at least to the normal man or woman. As surely as reproduction is woman's peculiar function, and nutrition man's, so surely does marriage sum up more to a woman than to a man. It becomes the whole life of the woman, while to the man it is rather an episode, rather a mere side to his many-sided life. Natural selection has made it so."

Therein lies a problem - how does a woman have a comfortable and rewarding relationship with a man in her life if most men feel this way?

It is irrational for women to base their relationships on how the WISH men were rather than on how men ARE.
March 25, 2008 7:44 PM
In terms of evolution, those with the best characteristics for survival... survive and can pass on their genes. This can be for superficial reasons, such as looks, or survival reasons, such as having the proper physical attributes to help you live in your environment.
See My
URL - http://www.go-get-girls.com
March 31, 2008 10:11 AM
Ha. Scragged is right about some men gaining reproductive advantage from infedility. Fox article:

http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,415042,00.html

Study Finds Fear of Commitment May Be in a Man's Genes

Researchers say they've found a genetic variation that may be responsible for weakening some men's ability to be monogamous, Science News reports.

The study, to appear in the medical journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is the first to examine whether a hormone that encourages monogamy in animals plays a similar role in male humans, the magazine reports.

Scientists studied gene variations in about 500 men who are in committed relationships. In addition to the gene study, the men and their mates, who had been together at least five years, answered questions about their relationship, including whether they had ever considered a divorce and how often they kissed their spouses.

Looking at a gene that controls a brain receptor of the hormone vasopressin, researchers found that some men who had a gene variation, called allele 334, bonded less with their mates and had more relationship conflict, according to the report.

Vasopressin has been found to play a role in whether certain animals remain monogamous.

Maybe a woman should ask for a genetic test to see if a man will be able to bond with her before getting involved with him?
September 2, 2008 8:34 PM
This is misogynistic bollocks.
March 22, 2010 5:28 PM
there is nothing at all about natural selection,like survival of the fittest all
invented man-made science up there with creation.in other words =bullshit!
March 24, 2010 10:35 AM
@laura - are you saying that women who were able to persuade men to help them did not enjoy greater reproductive success than women who were not?

@tyson - natural selection is NOT AT ALL the same as evolution. Natural selection clearly happens right before our very eyes.
March 24, 2010 5:55 PM

Dear Sir,

I would like to suggest that there may be a theme running through the background of Lee Tydings writings, or at least the ones I have read to date. The basis of this theme, if I may summarize in my own words, is that there are two different regulators of human behaviour, a genetic evolution based biological regulator and a memetic evolution based cultural regulator. Historically memetic evolution dramatically improved the reproductive success of the our ancestors and as such was strongly selected for throughout genetic evolution. We evolved larger brains to better store these memes, even at the disadvantage of providing nutrients for such a calorie expensive organ, and we evolved a dropped larynx, permitting us to produce much more refined vocal sounds, the basis of language (which allows the effective transmition of memes from one brain to another) even at the disadvantage that a dropped larynx makes our species uniquely susceptible to choking. These and many other more subtle yet possibly still physiologically disadvantageous adaptions were selected for and evolved because overall they still increased reproductive success, ensuring the survival of genes, which is the self-evident purpose of all biological life. Thus, the founding principle and purpose of memetically stored information, whether it is technological knowledge or the societal rules and concepts that shape our culture, is to improve our reproductive success and ensure the survival of our genes. However, cultural evolution occurs orders of magnitude more quickly than genetic evolution, and there are a lot of cultural concepts that have arisen in recent history (over the last generation) such as women choosing careers instead of reproduction, that do not appear to serve the reproductive success purpose that culture was originally built on. If I understand correctly, the conclusion appears to be that the various elements that comprise contemporary culture should be re-evaluated from the perspective of their original purpose (i.e. improving reproductive success) and should be supported or opposed, based on this evaluation.

Thank you for taking the time to read this open letter. Any feedback on my analysis would be very much appreciated.

Sincerely,
Professor Steven S.
(stevensripp@yahoo.com)

October 9, 2010 6:57 PM

@laura this isnot mysoginistic this is reality we are shaped by natural selection.
@tyson hey buddy EVOLUTION IS NATURAL SELECTION always has and always gonna be

December 8, 2010 2:29 AM

@oscar - natural selection and evolution are not quite the same. Natural selection is a process by which the fit survive. Evolution is a theory that asserts that natural selection combined with random mutations are together sufficient to produce all the species diversity we observe today. There are subtle differences.

December 8, 2010 6:36 PM

Adultery is a sin! Promiscuity breeds STD! Wife swapping is lowery and lacks Christian moral! Marriages are wed in Heaven! God blesses with children!

June 18, 2014 3:10 AM

Thank you Dr. Mengele. It all makes perfect sense now.

December 1, 2017 7:23 PM

@Will Robinson

I detect a whiff of sarcasm. It is possible that I wasn't clear enough between instincts and will, but history shows that the behaviors discussed maximized reproductive success.

If you disagree, please say why - you know things I don't know and I'd like your thoughts.

December 1, 2017 7:37 PM
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